ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES (IgG & IgM) TEST
Overview
The Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies (APA) Test measures the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against phospholipids in the blood. Phospholipids are essential components of cell membranes, and under normal conditions, the immune system does not react against them. However, in some autoimmune disorders, the body mistakenly produces antibodies that target these phospholipids.

The presence of these antibodies, particularly IgG and IgM isotypes, is associated with Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS) — an autoimmune condition that can cause blood clots, recurrent miscarriages, and other complications.

Purpose of the Test
The test is used to:

Diagnose or confirm Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS)

Investigate unexplained blood clots (thrombosis)

Assess causes of recurrent pregnancy loss

Evaluate abnormal prolonged clotting tests (like aPTT)

Monitor patients with lupus or other autoimmune diseases

Sample Type
Serum (obtained from a blood sample)

Types of Antibodies Measured
IgG Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies:

More closely associated with clinical complications

Often more persistent and clinically significant

IgM Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies:

May appear early in disease

Sometimes less specific, but still important for diagnosis

Understanding the Results
Result Interpretation
Positive (IgG and/or IgM) May indicate APS or risk of clotting/pregnancy issues
Negative Unlikely to have APS (but may need repeat testing if symptoms persist)
Borderline May require follow-up or repeat testing after 12 weeks

🔍 Note: Persistent presence of these antibodies (especially when tested 12 weeks apart) is required for a definitive APS diagnosis.

When Is It Ordered?
A doctor may request this test if you have:

Unexplained blood clots in veins or arteries (e.g., deep vein thrombosis, stroke)

Recurrent pregnancy losses, especially in the 2nd or 3rd trimester

Autoimmune conditions like lupus

Prolonged aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) test

A family or personal history of clotting disorders

Preparation & Procedure
Preparation: No special preparation is needed

Procedure: Blood is drawn from a vein and the serum is tested in the laboratory for IgG and IgM anti-phospholipid antibodies

Related Tests
Doctors often order these tests alongside:

Lupus anticoagulant test

Anti-cardiolipin antibodies

β2-glycoprotein I antibodies

Coagulation tests (e.g., PT, aPTT)

Conclusion
The Anti-Phospholipid (IgG & IgM) Antibodies Test is a key diagnostic tool for evaluating the risk of abnormal clotting and pregnancy complications, especially in autoimmune disorders like APS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Accurate interpretation requires correlation with symptoms, repeat testing, and sometimes additional autoimmune panels.