AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein) – Serum Test Sample Type: Serum Purpose: The AFP test measures the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood. It is primarily used for: Cancer screening and monitoring, especially liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) and germ cell tumors Prenatal screening for fetal abnormalities like neural tube defects and Down syndrome About AFP: AFP is a protein normally produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac during development. In adults, elevated levels may indicate certain liver diseases or cancers. Indications for Testing: Monitoring liver conditions (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis) Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk patients Diagnosis and monitoring of testicular or ovarian germ cell tumors Part of maternal screening during pregnancy (between 15–20 weeks gestation) Sample Collection & Handling: Blood is drawn from a vein and serum is separated No special preparation is typically needed (unless part of a maternal screen) Normal Reference Range (adults): < 10 ng/mL (may vary slightly by lab) Clinical Significance: Elevated AFP in adults: Liver cancer, germ cell tumors, chronic liver disease Elevated AFP in pregnancy: Possible neural tube defects, multiple gestation Low AFP in pregnancy: Possible Down syndrome